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# Daytona

Executes commands in isolated [Daytona](https://www.daytona.io) cloud sandboxes. Supports multiple runtimes, resource configuration, volumes, snapshots, streaming output, sandbox reconnection, filesystem mounting (S3, GCS), and network isolation. For interface details, see [WorkspaceSandbox interface](https://mastra.ai/reference/workspace/sandbox).

## Installation

**npm**:

```bash
npm install @mastra/daytona
```

**pnpm**:

```bash
pnpm add @mastra/daytona
```

**Yarn**:

```bash
yarn add @mastra/daytona
```

**Bun**:

```bash
bun add @mastra/daytona
```

Set your Daytona API key in one of three ways.

**Shell export**:

```bash
export DAYTONA_API_KEY=your-api-key
```

**.env file**:

```bash
DAYTONA_API_KEY=your-api-key
```

**Constructor**:

```typescript
new DaytonaSandbox({ apiKey: 'your-api-key' })
```

## Usage

Add a `DaytonaSandbox` to a workspace and assign it to an agent:

```typescript
import { Agent } from '@mastra/core/agent'
import { Workspace } from '@mastra/core/workspace'
import { DaytonaSandbox } from '@mastra/daytona'

const workspace = new Workspace({
  sandbox: new DaytonaSandbox({
    language: 'typescript',
    timeout: 120_000,
  }),
})

const agent = new Agent({
  id: 'code-agent',
  name: 'Code Agent',
  instructions: 'You are a coding assistant working in this workspace.',
  model: 'anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6',
  workspace,
})

const response = await agent.generate(
  'Print "Hello, world!" and show the current working directory.',
)

console.log(response.text)
// I'll run both commands simultaneously!
//
// Here are the results:
//
// 1. **Hello, world!** — Successfully printed the message.
// 2. **Current Working Directory** — `/home/daytona`
//
// Both commands ran in parallel and completed successfully!
```

### With a snapshot

Use a pre-built snapshot to skip environment setup time:

```typescript
const workspace = new Workspace({
  sandbox: new DaytonaSandbox({
    snapshot: 'my-snapshot-id',
    timeout: 60_000,
  }),
})
```

### Custom image with resources

Use a custom Docker image with specific resource allocation:

```typescript
const workspace = new Workspace({
  sandbox: new DaytonaSandbox({
    image: 'node:20-slim',
    resources: { cpu: 2, memory: 4, disk: 6 },
    language: 'typescript',
  }),
})
```

### Ephemeral sandbox

For one-shot tasks: sandbox is deleted immediately on stop:

```typescript
const workspace = new Workspace({
  sandbox: new DaytonaSandbox({
    ephemeral: true,
    language: 'python',
  }),
})
```

### Streaming output

Stream command output in real time via `onStdout` and `onStderr` callbacks:

```typescript
await sandbox.executeCommand('bash', ['-c', 'for i in 1 2 3; do echo "line $i"; sleep 1; done'], {
  onStdout: chunk => process.stdout.write(chunk),
  onStderr: chunk => process.stderr.write(chunk),
})
```

Both callbacks are optional and can be used independently.

### Reconnection

Reconnect to an existing sandbox by providing the same `id`. The sandbox resumes with its files and state intact:

```typescript
const sandbox = new DaytonaSandbox({ id: 'my-persistent-sandbox' })

// First session
await sandbox._start()
await sandbox.executeCommand('sh', ['-c', 'echo "session 1" > /tmp/state.txt'])
await sandbox._stop()

// Later — reconnects to the same sandbox
const sandbox2 = new DaytonaSandbox({ id: 'my-persistent-sandbox' })
await sandbox2._start()
const result = await sandbox2.executeCommand('cat', ['/tmp/state.txt'])
console.log(result.stdout) // "session 1"
```

If the sandbox is in a stopped or archived state, it's restarted automatically. If it's in a dead state (destroyed, errored), a fresh sandbox is created instead.

### Filesystem mounting

Mount S3 or GCS buckets as local directories inside the sandbox.

#### Via workspace mounts config

The simplest way: filesystems are mounted automatically when the sandbox starts:

```typescript
import { Workspace } from '@mastra/core/workspace'
import { DaytonaSandbox } from '@mastra/daytona'
import { GCSFilesystem } from '@mastra/gcs'
import { S3Filesystem } from '@mastra/s3'

const workspace = new Workspace({
  mounts: {
    '/s3-data': new S3Filesystem({
      bucket: process.env.S3_BUCKET!,
      region: 'auto',
      accessKeyId: process.env.S3_ACCESS_KEY_ID,
      secretAccessKey: process.env.S3_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY,
      endpoint: process.env.S3_ENDPOINT, // e.g. https://<account-id>.r2.cloudflarestorage.com
    }),
    '/gcs-data': new GCSFilesystem({
      bucket: process.env.GCS_BUCKET!,
      projectId: 'my-project-id',
      credentials: JSON.parse(process.env.GCS_SERVICE_ACCOUNT_KEY!),
    }),
  },
  sandbox: new DaytonaSandbox({ language: 'python' }),
})
```

When the workspace starts, the filesystems are automatically mounted at the specified paths. Code running in the sandbox can then access files at `/s3-data` and `/gcs-data` as if they were local directories.

#### Via `sandbox.mount()`

Mount manually at any point after the sandbox has started:

#### S3

```typescript
import { S3Filesystem } from '@mastra/s3'

await sandbox.mount(
  new S3Filesystem({
    bucket: process.env.S3_BUCKET!,
    region: 'us-east-1',
    accessKeyId: process.env.S3_ACCESS_KEY_ID,
    secretAccessKey: process.env.S3_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY,
  }),
  '/data',
)
```

#### S3-compatible (Cloudflare R2, MinIO)

```typescript
import { S3Filesystem } from '@mastra/s3'

await sandbox.mount(
  new S3Filesystem({
    bucket: process.env.S3_BUCKET!,
    region: 'auto',
    accessKeyId: process.env.S3_ACCESS_KEY_ID,
    secretAccessKey: process.env.S3_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY,
    endpoint: process.env.S3_ENDPOINT, // e.g. https://<account-id>.r2.cloudflarestorage.com
  }),
  '/data',
)
```

#### GCS

```typescript
import { GCSFilesystem } from '@mastra/gcs'

await sandbox.mount(
  new GCSFilesystem({
    bucket: process.env.GCS_BUCKET!,
    projectId: 'my-project-id',
    credentials: JSON.parse(process.env.GCS_SERVICE_ACCOUNT_KEY!),
  }),
  '/data',
)
```

### Network isolation

Restrict outbound network access:

```typescript
const workspace = new Workspace({
  sandbox: new DaytonaSandbox({
    networkBlockAll: true,
    networkAllowList: '10.0.0.0/8,192.168.0.0/16',
  }),
})
```

Use `domainAllowList` for services whose IP addresses change, such as package registries and hosted APIs:

```typescript
const workspace = new Workspace({
  sandbox: new DaytonaSandbox({
    networkBlockAll: true,
    domainAllowList: 'registry.npmjs.org,*.githubusercontent.com',
  }),
})
```

Both allow lists are applied at sandbox creation and are preserved by `clone()`. To change the policy after the sandbox has started, use the underlying Daytona sandbox:

```typescript
await sandbox.instance.updateNetworkSettings({
  domainAllowList: 'api.example.com',
})
```

### Secrets

Inject credentials without exposing raw values to code running inside the sandbox. Create a [Daytona Secret](https://www.daytona.io/docs/en/secrets/) once for your organization (via the Daytona dashboard or SDK), then map environment variable names to Secret names:

```typescript
const workspace = new Workspace({
  sandbox: new DaytonaSandbox({
    secrets: {
      GITHUB_TOKEN: 'github-token',
    },
  }),
})
```

Inside the sandbox, the environment variable holds an opaque placeholder. Daytona's egress proxy substitutes the real value into HTTPS request headers toward the Secret's allowed hosts, so the raw credential never enters the sandbox. Secrets are applied at sandbox creation and are preserved by `clone()`.

### Computer use (desktop)

Enable the [computer capability](https://mastra.ai/docs/sandbox/computer) with `computerUse`. This adds screenshot, mouse, and keyboard control to the sandbox. When the sandbox is used in a workspace, agents automatically get the `mastra_workspace_computer_*` tools.

Computer use is disabled by default. Set `computerUse: true` to start the desktop processes (Xvfb, xfce4, x11vnc, noVNC) lazily on the first computer operation:

```typescript
const sandbox = new DaytonaSandbox({ computerUse: true })
await sandbox.start()

await sandbox.computer.leftClick(100, 200)
await sandbox.computer.type('hello')
const { data } = await sandbox.computer.screenshot() // PNG bytes

// Live desktop view via the noVNC preview link
const url = await sandbox.computer.streamUrl()
```

Pass an options object to configure the capability. For example, disable automatic desktop startup when you manage the Daytona process directly:

```typescript
const sandbox = new DaytonaSandbox({
  computerUse: { autoStart: false },
})

await sandbox.start()
await sandbox.daytona.computerUse.start()
```

For Daytona-specific desktop APIs (regions, compressed screenshots, screen recording, accessibility tree), use the [direct SDK access](#direct-sdk-access) escape hatch: `sandbox.daytona.computerUse`.

## Constructor parameters

**id** (`string`): Unique identifier for this sandbox instance. (Default: `Auto-generated`)

**apiKey** (`string`): Daytona API key for authentication. Falls back to DAYTONA\_API\_KEY environment variable.

**apiUrl** (`string`): Daytona API endpoint. Falls back to DAYTONA\_API\_URL environment variable.

**target** (`string`): Runner region. Falls back to DAYTONA\_TARGET environment variable.

**timeout** (`number`): Default execution timeout in milliseconds. (Default: `300000 (5 minutes)`)

**language** (`'typescript' | 'javascript' | 'python'`): Runtime language for the sandbox. (Default: `'typescript'`)

**snapshot** (`string`): Pre-built snapshot ID to create the sandbox from. Takes precedence over image.

**image** (`string`): Docker image for sandbox creation. Triggers image-based creation when set. Can be combined with resources. Ignored when snapshot is set.

**resources** (`{ cpu?: number; memory?: number; disk?: number }`): Resource allocation for the sandbox (CPU cores, memory in GiB, disk in GiB). Only used when image is set.

**env** (`Record<string, string>`): Environment variables to set in the sandbox. (Default: `{}`)

**workingDirectory** (`string`): Default directory for command execution when no per-command cwd is given. A per-command cwd always wins. When set, the sandbox skips its automatic working-directory probe; when omitted, the probe fills the workingDirectory getter after start.

**labels** (`Record<string, string>`): Custom metadata labels. (Default: `{}`)

**name** (`string`): Sandbox display name. (Default: `Sandbox id`)

**user** (`string`): OS user to run commands as. (Default: `'daytona'`)

**public** (`boolean`): Make port previews public. (Default: `false`)

**ephemeral** (`boolean`): Delete sandbox immediately on stop. (Default: `false`)

**autoStopInterval** (`number`): Auto-stop interval in minutes. Set to 0 to disable. (Default: `15`)

**autoArchiveInterval** (`number`): Auto-archive interval in minutes. Set to 0 for the maximum interval (7 days). (Default: `7 days`)

**autoDeleteInterval** (`number`): Auto-delete interval in minutes. Negative values disable auto-delete. Set to 0 to delete on stop. (Default: `disabled`)

**volumes** (`Array<{ volumeId: string; mountPath: string }>`): Daytona volumes to attach at sandbox creation time.

**networkBlockAll** (`boolean`): Block all outbound network access from the sandbox. (Default: `false`)

**networkAllowList** (`string`): Comma-separated list of allowed CIDR addresses when network access is restricted.

**domainAllowList** (`string`): Comma-separated list of allowed domains when network access is restricted. Supports wildcards, for example \*.githubusercontent.com. Use this instead of networkAllowList for services whose IP addresses change.

**secrets** (`Record<string, string>`): Daytona Secrets to expose inside the sandbox, mapping environment variable names to Daytona Secret names. The env var holds an opaque placeholder; the real value is substituted into HTTPS request headers at egress toward the Secret's allowed hosts.

**computerUse** (`boolean | { autoStart?: boolean; noVncPort?: number }`): Computer-use (desktop) capability configuration. Set to true or provide an options object to enable the capability. Set autoStart to false to manage the desktop processes yourself. noVncPort sets the noVNC viewer port used by computer.streamUrl(). (Default: `false`)

## Properties

**id** (`string`): Sandbox instance identifier.

**name** (`string`): Provider name ('DaytonaSandbox').

**provider** (`string`): Provider identifier ('daytona').

**status** (`ProviderStatus`): 'pending' | 'initializing' | 'ready' | 'stopped' | 'destroyed' | 'error'

**instance** (`Sandbox`): The underlying Daytona Sandbox instance. Throws SandboxNotReadyError if the sandbox has not been started.

**processes** (`DaytonaProcessManager`): Background process manager. See SandboxProcessManager reference.

**computer** (`SandboxComputer | undefined`): Computer-use capability: screenshot, mouse, keyboard, and stream URL. Available only when computerUse is explicitly enabled. See SandboxComputer reference.

## Background processes

`DaytonaSandbox` includes a built-in process manager for spawning and managing background processes. Processes run in the Daytona cloud sandbox using session-based command execution.

```typescript
const sandbox = new DaytonaSandbox({ language: 'typescript' })
await sandbox.start()

// Spawn a background process
const handle = await sandbox.processes.spawn('node server.js', {
  env: { PORT: '3000' },
  onStdout: data => console.log(data),
})

// Interact with the process
console.log(handle.stdout)
await handle.sendStdin('input\n')
await handle.kill()
```

See [`SandboxProcessManager` reference](https://mastra.ai/reference/workspace/process-manager) for the full API.

## Mounting cloud storage

Daytona sandboxes can mount S3 or GCS buckets, making cloud storage accessible as local directories inside the sandbox. This is useful for:

- Processing large datasets stored in cloud buckets
- Writing output files directly to cloud storage
- Sharing data between sandbox sessions

For usage examples, see [Filesystem mounting](#filesystem-mounting).

Daytona sandboxes use FUSE (Filesystem in Userspace) to mount cloud storage:

- **S3/R2**: Mounted via [s3fs-fuse](https://github.com/s3fs-fuse/s3fs-fuse)
- **GCS**: Mounted via [gcsfuse](https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/gcsfuse)

The required FUSE tools are installed automatically at mount time if not already present in the sandbox image.

### S3 environment variables

| Variable               | Description                       |
| ---------------------- | --------------------------------- |
| `S3_BUCKET`            | Bucket name                       |
| `S3_REGION`            | AWS region or `auto` for R2/MinIO |
| `S3_ACCESS_KEY_ID`     | Access key ID                     |
| `S3_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY` | Secret access key                 |
| `S3_ENDPOINT`          | Endpoint URL (S3-compatible only) |

### GCS environment variables

| Variable                  | Description                                             |
| ------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------- |
| `GCS_BUCKET`              | Bucket name                                             |
| `GCS_SERVICE_ACCOUNT_KEY` | Service account key JSON (full JSON string, not a path) |

### Reducing cold start latency with a snapshot

By default, `s3fs` and `gcsfuse` are installed at first mount via `apt`, which adds startup time. To eliminate this, prebake them into a Daytona snapshot and pass the snapshot name via the `snapshot` option.

**Option 1: Declarative image build**

```typescript
import { Daytona, Image } from '@daytonaio/sdk'

const template = Image.base('daytonaio/sandbox')
  .runCommands('sudo apt-get update -qq')
  .runCommands('sudo apt-get install -y s3fs')
  // gcsfuse requires the Google Cloud apt repository
  .runCommands(
    'sudo mkdir -p /etc/apt/keyrings && ' +
      'curl -fsSL https://packages.cloud.google.com/apt/doc/apt-key.gpg -o /tmp/gcsfuse-key.gpg && ' +
      'sudo gpg --batch --yes --dearmor -o /etc/apt/keyrings/gcsfuse.gpg /tmp/gcsfuse-key.gpg && ' +
      // Use gcsfuse-jammy for Ubuntu, gcsfuse-bookworm for Debian
      'echo "deb [signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/gcsfuse.gpg] https://packages.cloud.google.com/apt gcsfuse-jammy main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/gcsfuse.list',
  )
  .runCommands('sudo apt-get update -qq && sudo apt-get install -y gcsfuse')

const daytona = new Daytona()

await daytona.snapshot.create(
  {
    name: 'cloud-fs-mounting',
    image: template,
  },
  { onLogs: console.log },
)
```

**Option 2: Dockerfile:** Use [`Image.fromDockerfile()`](https://www.daytona.io/docs/typescript-sdk/image#fromdockerfile)

```dockerfile
FROM daytonaio/sandbox
RUN sudo apt-get update -qq
RUN sudo apt-get install -y s3fs
# Use gcsfuse-jammy for Ubuntu, gcsfuse-bookworm for Debian
RUN sudo mkdir -p /etc/apt/keyrings && curl -fsSL https://packages.cloud.google.com/apt/doc/apt-key.gpg -o /tmp/gcsfuse-key.gpg && sudo gpg --batch --yes --dearmor -o /etc/apt/keyrings/gcsfuse.gpg /tmp/gcsfuse-key.gpg && echo "deb [signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/gcsfuse.gpg] https://packages.cloud.google.com/apt gcsfuse-jammy main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/gcsfuse.list
RUN sudo apt-get update -qq && sudo apt-get install -y gcsfuse
```

```typescript
import { Daytona, Image } from '@daytonaio/sdk'

const daytona = new Daytona()

await daytona.snapshot.create(
  {
    name: 'cloud-fs-mounting',
    image: Image.fromDockerfile('./Dockerfile'),
  },
  { onLogs: console.log },
)
```

Then use the snapshot name in your sandbox config:

```typescript
const workspace = new Workspace({
  mounts: {
    '/s3-data': new S3Filesystem({/* ... */}),
    '/gcs-data': new GCSFilesystem({/* ... */}),
  },
  sandbox: new DaytonaSandbox({ snapshot: 'cloud-fs-mounting' }),
})
```

## Direct SDK access

Access the underlying Daytona `Sandbox` instance for filesystem, git, and other operations not exposed through the `WorkspaceSandbox` interface:

```typescript
const daytonaSandbox = sandbox.instance

// Upload a file
await daytonaSandbox.fs.uploadFile(Buffer.from('hello'), '/tmp/hello.txt')

// Run git operations
await daytonaSandbox.git.clone('https://github.com/org/repo', '/workspace/repo')
```

The `instance` getter throws `SandboxNotReadyError` if the sandbox hasn't been started yet.

## Sandbox creation modes

`DaytonaSandbox` selects a creation mode based on the options provided:

| Options                   | Creation mode                                         |
| ------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------- |
| `snapshot` set            | Snapshot-based (snapshot takes precedence over image) |
| `image` set (no snapshot) | Image-based (optionally with `resources`)             |
| Neither set               | Default snapshot-based                                |

Resources are only applied when `image` is set. Passing `resources` without `image` has no effect.

## Related

- [SandboxProcessManager reference](https://mastra.ai/reference/workspace/process-manager)
- [WorkspaceSandbox interface](https://mastra.ai/reference/workspace/sandbox)
- [LocalSandbox reference](https://mastra.ai/reference/workspace/local-sandbox)
- [S3Filesystem reference](https://mastra.ai/integrations/file-storage/amazon-s3)
- [GCSFilesystem reference](https://mastra.ai/integrations/file-storage/google-cloud-storage)
- [Sandbox](https://mastra.ai/docs/sandbox/overview)